Negative electrode for nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, and nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery

ABSTRACT

A negative electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprises a negative electrode core body, and a negative electrode mixture layer. When the range of 40% of the thickness of the negative electrode mixture layer from the surface of the negative electrode mixture layer on the side opposite to the negative electrode core body is defined as a first region and the range of 40% of the thickness of the negative electrode mixture layer from the interface between the negative electrode mixture layer and the negative electrode core body is defined as a second region, the BET specific surface area of the graphite included in the first region is smaller than the BET specific surface area of the graphite included in the second region.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The entire disclosure of Japanese Patent Application No. 2019-236890filed on Dec. 26, 2019 including the specification, claims, drawings,and abstract is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to a negative electrode for a nonaqueouselectrolyte secondary battery, and to a nonaqueous electrolyte secondarybattery using the negative electrode.

BACKGROUND

The negative electrode of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery,such as a lithium ion battery, comprises a negative electrode core body,and a negative electrode mixture layer provided on the surface of thecore body. In general, the negative electrode mixture layer includes anegative electrode active material and a binder, and has a uniform layerstructure; however, in recent years, negative electrode mixture layersincluding multiple layers that differ in the type, content, and the likeof a negative electrode active material have also been proposed. Forexample, International Publication No. WO 2019/187537 A discloses anegative electrode comprising a negative electrode mixture layer havinga first layer and a second layer formed in sequence from the negativeelectrode core body side, wherein the first layer includes a firstcarbon based active material with a 10% proof stress of 3 MPa or lessand a silicon based active material containing Si, and the second layerincludes a second carbon based active material with a 10% proof stressof 5 MPa or more.

SUMMARY Technical Problem

An advantage of the present disclosure is to provide a negativeelectrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery by which theimprovement of the output characteristics of the battery is achieved,and a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery.

Solution to Problem

A negative electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteryaccording to the present disclosure is a negative electrode for anonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, comprising a negativeelectrode core body, and a negative electrode mixture layer provided onthe surface of the negative electrode core body, and is characterized inthat the negative electrode mixture layer includes graphite, single wallfibrous carbon, and multiwalled fibrous carbon, and that, when the rangeof 40% of the thickness of the mixture layer from the surface of thenegative electrode mixture layer on the side opposite to the negativeelectrode core body is defined as a first region and the range of 40% ofthe thickness of the mixture layer from the interface between thenegative electrode mixture layer and the negative electrode core body isdefined as a second region, the BET specific surface area of thegraphite included in the first region is smaller than the BET specificsurface area of the graphite included in the second region, and thefirst region includes the single wall fibrous carbon in greater quantitythan the multiwalled fibrous carbon in terms of mass and the secondregion includes the multiwalled fibrous carbon in greater quantity thanthe single wall fibrous carbon in terms of mass.

A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the presentdisclosure comprises the negative electrode described above, a positiveelectrode, and a nonaqueous electrolyte.

Advantageous Effects of Invention

According to the present disclosure, improvement of the outputcharacteristics of the battery is achieved.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present disclosure will be described based on thefollowing figures, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view illustrating the appearance of a nonaqueouselectrolyte secondary battery according to an embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view illustrating an electrode body and sealingplate according to the embodiment; and

FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a negative electrode according to theembodiment.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

As a result of intensive studies to solve the problem mentioned above,the present inventors have found that, in the negative electrode mixturelayer, by making the BET specific surface area of the graphite includedon the surface side smaller than the BET specific surface area of thegraphite included on the core body side, placing more single wallfibrous carbon on the surface side, and placing more multiwalled fibrouscarbon on the core body side, improvement of the output characteristicsof the battery is achieved.

In the negative electrode of the present disclosure, the BET specificsurface area of the graphite included on the surface side is smallerthan the BET specific surface area of the graphite included on the corebody side, and therefore, there is a large amount of graphite with asmall BET specific surface area on the surface side of the negativeelectrode mixture layer. In addition, in the negative electrode of thepresent disclosure, on the surface side of the negative electrodemixture layer, there is a large amount of single wall fibrous carbon,which mainly functions as a conductive material. Here, graphite with asmall BET specific surface area has hard particles that are difficult tocrush during the formation of the negative electrode, and similarly, thesingle wall fibrous carbon is also hard and difficult to crush duringthe formation of the negative electrode. As such, on the surface side ofthe negative electrode mixture layer where such graphite and single wallfibrous carbon are present in a large amount, gaps are likely to beformed between the graphite particles. Therefore, on the surface side ofthe negative electrode mixture layer, for example, the permeability ofthe nonaqueous electrolyte becomes good, which is thought to contributeto improvement of the output characteristics of the battery.

Meanwhile, in the negative electrode of the present disclosure, the BETspecific surface area of the graphite included on the surface side issmaller than the BET specific surface area of the graphite included onthe core body side, and therefore, there is a large amount of graphitewith a large BET specific surface area on the core body side of thenegative electrode mixture layer. In addition, in the negative electrodeof the present disclosure, on the core body side of the negativeelectrode mixture layer, there is a large amount of multiwalled fibrouscarbon, which mainly functions as a conductive material. Graphite with alarge BET specific surface area has soft particles that are easilycrushed during the formation of the negative electrode, and similarly,the multiwalled fibrous carbon is also soft and easily crushed duringthe formation of the negative electrode. As such, the particles andfibers become denser and the contact area with the core body increases.Therefore, on the core body side of the negative electrode mixturelayer, for example, an increase in the resistance with the core body issuppressed, which is thought to contribute to improvement of the outputcharacteristics of the battery.

Hereinafter, embodiments of the negative electrode of the presentdisclosure and a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using thenegative electrode will be described in detail. The embodimentsdescribed below are only examples, and the present disclosure is notlimited to the following embodiments. Also, it has been assumed from theoutset that multiple embodiments and variations described below can beselectively combined.

In the present specification, a reference to “a numerical value (A) to anumerical value (B)” means the numerical value (A) or more and thenumerical value (B) or less, unless otherwise stated.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view illustrating the appearance of a nonaqueouselectrolyte secondary battery 10, which is an example embodiment, andFIG. 2 is a perspective view of an electrode body 11 and a sealing plate15 constituting the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10. Thenonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10 illustrated in FIG. 1 is arectangular battery comprising a rectangular exterior can 14, but theexterior body of the battery is not limited to the exterior can 14. Theexterior body may be, for example, a cylindrical exterior can, or may bean exterior body constituted with a laminated sheet including a metallayer and a resin layer. In addition, although the present embodimentillustrates the electrode body 11 having a winding structure, theelectrode body may have a laminated structure in which a plurality ofpositive electrodes and a plurality of negative electrodes arealternately laminated one by one via a separator.

As illustrated in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the nonaqueous electrolytesecondary battery 10 comprises the electrode body 11, a nonaqueouselectrolyte, and the exterior can 14 that accommodates them. Theexterior can 14 is a flat, bottomed, rectangular tubular metal containerwith an opening. In addition, the nonaqueous electrolyte secondarybattery 10 has a positive electrode terminal 12 electrically connectedto a positive electrode 20 and a negative electrode terminal 13electrically connected to a negative electrode 30. The positiveelectrode terminal 12 and the negative electrode terminal 13 areexternal connection terminals that are electrically connected to anothernonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10, circuit, equipment, or thelike.

The nonaqueous electrolyte includes a nonaqueous solvent, and anelectrolyte salt dissolved in the nonaqueous solvent. As the nonaqueoussolvent, for example, esters, ethers, nitriles, amides, mixed solventsof two or more of these, and the like are used. The nonaqueous solventmay contain halogen substituted solvents formed by substituting at leasta part of the hydrogen atoms in the above solvents with halogen atomssuch as fluorine. As the electrolyte salt, for example, lithium saltssuch as LiPF₆ are used. Note that the electrolyte is not limited to aliquid electrolyte and may be a solid electrolyte using a gel polymer orthe like.

The electrode body 11 is a winding type electrode body in which thepositive electrode 20 and the negative electrode 30 are wound in aspiral shape via a separator 40 and formed into a flat shape. Thepositive electrode 20, the negative electrode 30, and the separator 40are all long strip-shaped bodies. The positive electrode 20 has apositive electrode core body 21 and a positive electrode mixture layer(not shown) formed on both sides of the core body, and the negativeelectrode 30 has a negative electrode core body 31 and a negativeelectrode mixture layer 32 (see FIG. 3 below) formed on both sides ofthe core body. The electrode body 11 includes a flat portion and a pairof curved portions. The electrode body 11 is accommodated in theexterior can 14 in a state where the winding axis direction is along thelateral direction of the exterior can 14 and the width direction of theelectrode body 11 in which the pair of curved portions are aligned isalong the height direction of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondarybattery 10.

The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10 comprises a positiveelectrode current collector 25 that connects the positive electrode 20and the positive electrode terminal 12, and a negative electrode currentcollector 35 that connects the negative electrode 30 and the negativeelectrode terminal 13. At one end portion in the axial direction of theelectrode body 11, a core body laminated portion 23 is formed in whichan exposed portion of the positive electrode core body 21 is laminated,and at the other end portion in the axial direction, a core bodylaminated portion 33 is formed in which an exposed portion of thenegative electrode core body 31 is laminated. The positive electrodecurrent collector 25 and the negative electrode current collector 35 areboth constituted with two conductive members, and these two members arewelded to the core body laminated portion in a state where the core bodylaminated portion is compressed from both sides in the thicknessdirection.

The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10 comprises the sealingplate 15 that seals the opening of the exterior can 14. In the presentembodiment, the sealing plate 15 has an elongated rectangular shape, andthe positive electrode terminal 12 and the negative electrode terminal13 are disposed at one end side and at the other end side of thelongitudinal direction of the sealing plate 15, respectively. Thepositive electrode terminal 12 and the negative electrode terminal 13are both fixed to the sealing plate 15 via an insulating member. Thesealing plate 15 is generally provided with a gas discharge valve 16 fordischarging gas in the event of a battery malfunction, and a liquidinjection portion 17 for injecting the electrolytic solution.

Hereinafter, the positive electrode 20, the negative electrode 30, andthe separator 40 constituting the electrode body 11 will be described indetail, with particular reference to the negative electrode 30.

[Positive Electrode]

The positive electrode 20 has the positive electrode core body 21, andthe positive electrode mixture layer provided on the surface of thepositive electrode core body 21. As the positive electrode core body 21,a foil of a metal that is stable in the potential range of the positiveelectrode 20, such as aluminum or an aluminum alloy, a film in whichsuch a metal is placed on the surface layer thereof, or the like can beused. The positive electrode mixture layer includes a positive electrodeactive material, a conductive material, and a binder, and is preferablyprovided on both sides of the positive electrode core body 21. Thepositive electrode 20 can be fabricated by, for example, applying apositive electrode mixture slurry including a positive electrode activematerial, a conductive material, a binder, and the like on the positiveelectrode core body 21, drying the coating film, and then compressing itto form a positive electrode mixture layer on both sides of the positiveelectrode core body 21.

As the positive electrode active material, lithium transition metalcomposite oxides are used. Examples of the metallic element contained inthe lithium transition metal composite oxides include Ni, Co, Mn, Al, B,Mg, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ga, Sr, Zr, Nb, In, Sn, Ta, W, and the like.Among the above, it is preferable to contain at least one of Ni, Co, andMn. Suitable examples of the composite oxides include lithium transitionmetal composite oxides containing Ni, Co, and Mn, and lithium transitionmetal composite oxides containing Ni, Co, and Al.

As the conductive material included in the positive electrode mixturelayer, mention may be made of carbon materials such as carbon black,acetylene black, ketjenblack, and graphite. As the binder included inthe positive electrode mixture layer, mention may be made offluororesins such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinylidenefluoride (PVdF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyimide resins, acrylicresins, polyolefin resins, and the like. Also, these resins may be usedin combination with cellulose derivatives such as carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) or salts thereof, polyethylene oxide (PEO), or the like.

[Negative Electrode]

FIG. 3 is a sectional view illustrating a part of the negative electrode30. As illustrated in FIG. 3, the negative electrode 30 has the negativeelectrode core body 31 and the negative electrode mixture layer 32provided on the surface of the negative electrode core body 31. As thenegative electrode core body 31, a foil of a metal that is stable in thepotential range of the negative electrode 30, such as copper, a film inwhich such a metal is placed on the surface layer thereof, or the likecan be used. The negative electrode mixture layer 32 includes graphiteand fibrous carbon including single wall fibrous carbon and multiwalledfibrous carbon. The fibrous carbon mainly functions as a conductivematerial that forms a conductive path in the negative electrode mixturelayer 32. In addition, preferably, the negative electrode mixture layer32 further includes a binder and is provided on both sides of thenegative electrode core body 31.

The graphite included in the negative electrode mixture layer 32functions as a negative electrode active material that reversiblyoccludes and releases lithium ions. As the graphite, natural graphitessuch as flaky graphite, massive graphite, and earthy graphite, as wellas artificial graphites such as massive artificial graphite (MAG) andgraphitized mesophase carbon microbeads (MCMB) are used. In addition,the negative electrode mixture layer 32 may include, in addition to thegraphite, which is a carbon based active material, an Si based activematerial containing Si. By using a carbon based active material and anSi based active material in combination, a higher capacity can beachieved.

As the binder included in the negative electrode mixture layer 32, as inthe case of the positive electrode 20, fluororesins, PAN, polyimides,acrylic resins, polyolefins, and the like can be used, but it ispreferable to use a styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). In addition,preferably, the negative electrode mixture layer 32 further includes CMCor salts thereof, polyacrylic acid (PAA) or salts thereof, polyvinylalcohol (PVA), and the like. Among the above, it is suitable to use SBRin combination with CMC or salts thereof or with PAA or salts thereof.

The negative electrode mixture layer 32 is characterized in that, alongthe thickness direction, when the range of 40% of the thickness of themixture layer from the surface of the negative electrode mixture layer32 is defined as a region R1 (first region) and the range of 40% of thethickness of the mixture layer from the interface between the negativeelectrode mixture layer 32 and the negative electrode core body 31 isdefined as a region R2 (second region), the constituents of each regionare different from each other. Specifically, the BET specific surfacearea of the graphite included in the region R1 is smaller than the BETspecific surface area of the graphite included in the region R2. Inaddition, the region R1 includes the single wall fibrous carbon ingreater quantity than the multiwalled fibrous carbon in terms of massand the region R2 includes the multiwalled fibrous carbon in greaterquantity than the single wall fibrous carbon in terms of mass. That is,the negative electrode mixture layer 32 includes at least two kinds ofgraphites and at least two kinds of fibrous carbons.

The content of graphite is, when only graphite is used as the negativeelectrode active material, preferably 80 to 98% by mass, more preferably85 to 97% by mass, and particularly preferably 90 to 96% by massrelative to the mass of the negative electrode mixture layer 32. Whenthe content of graphite is within such a range, a battery with a highcapacity can be obtained. In the regions R1 and R2, the content ratio ofgraphite is, for example, substantially the same.

The content of fibrous carbon is preferably 0.01 to 5% by mass, morepreferably 0.02 to 4% by mass, and particularly preferably 0.04 to 3% bymass relative to the mass of the negative electrode mixture layer 32.When the content of fibrous carbon is within such a range, a goodconductive path can be formed in the negative electrode mixture layer32. In the regions R1 and R2, the content ratio of fibrous carbon is,for example, substantially the same.

In the example illustrated in FIG. 3, graphite P1 and single wallfibrous carbon C1 are present in the region R1 and graphite P2 andmultiwalled fibrous carbon C2 are present in the region R2. Here,graphite P1 is a material with a BET specific surface area that issmaller than that of graphite P2. Note that, in the negative electrodemixture layer 32, as long as the condition that the BET specific surfacearea of the graphite included in the region R1 is smaller than the BETspecific surface area of the graphite included in the region R2 is met,graphite P2 may be included in the region R1 and graphite P1 may beincluded in the region R2. In addition, as long as the condition thatthe region R1 includes the single wall fibrous carbon in greaterquantity than the multiwalled fibrous carbon in terms of mass and theregion R2 includes the multiwalled fibrous carbon in greater quantitythan the single wall fibrous carbon in terms of mass, multiwalledfibrous carbon C2 may be included in the region R1 and single wallfibrous carbon C1 may be included in the region R2. Also, to the extentthat the advantage of the present disclosure is not impaired, thenegative electrode mixture layer 32 may include three or more kinds ofgraphites and fibrous carbons, and may include, for example, aparticulate conductive material such as carbon black.

A region R3 sandwiched between the regions R1 and R2, which is locatedin the center of the thickness direction of the negative electrodemixture layer 32, may have the same configuration as the region R1, ormay have the same configuration as the region R2. Also, the boundarybetween the regions R1 and R2 may be present within the region R3.Alternatively, the physical properties of the graphite and the amount ofthe fibrous carbon included in the region R3 may be gradually changedalong the thickness direction of the negative electrode mixture layer 32such that as it gets closer to the region R1, the BET specific surfacearea of the graphite becomes smaller and there is more single wallfibrous carbon C1 and less multiwalled fibrous carbon C2.

The thickness of the negative electrode mixture layer 32 on one side ofthe negative electrode core body 31 is, for example, 40 μm to 120 μm,and is preferably 50 μm to 90 μm. The thickness of the negativeelectrode mixture layer 32 is measured from a sectional image of thenegative electrode 30 acquired by a scanning electron microscope (SEM).Similarly, the regions R1 and R2 are also determined from the SEM image.In general, the thickness of the negative electrode mixture layer 32 isapproximately constant, but if there is variation in thickness, forexample, in the area with a large thickness, the ranges of the regionsR1 and R2 also become larger, and in the area with a small thickness,the ranges of the regions R1 and R2 also become smaller.

The BET specific surface area of the graphite included in the region R1is preferably 0.5 m²/g or more and less than 2 m²/g, more preferably0.75 m²/g or more and 1.9 m²/g or less, and particularly preferably 1.0m²/g or more and 1.8 m²/g or less. When the BET specific surface area ofthe graphite included in the region R1 is within such a range, thepermeability of the nonaqueous electrolyte becomes good on the surfaceside of the negative electrode mixture layer 32, and the outputcharacteristics may be further improved. The BET specific surface areaof graphite is measured according to the BET method, using aconventionally and publicly known specific surface area measuringapparatus (for example, Macsorb (registered trademark) HM model-1201,manufactured by Mountech Co., Ltd.).

The BET specific surface area of the graphite included in the region R2is preferably 2 m²/g or more and 5 m²/g or less, more preferably 2.5m²/g or more and 4.5 m²/g or less, and particularly preferably 3.0 m²/gor more and 4.0 m²/g or less. When the BET specific surface area of thegraphite included in the region R2 is within such a range, a largeramount of lithium ions is likely to be occluded, which may contribute toa higher battery capacity.

In the negative electrode mixture layer 32, since, for example, in termsof mass, there is more graphite P1 than graphite P2 in the region R1 andthere is more graphite P2 than graphite P1 in the region R2, the BETspecific surface area of the graphite included in the region R1 issmaller than the BET specific surface area of the graphite included inthe region R2. As the negative electrode active material, the region R1may include substantially only graphite P1 and the region R2 may includesubstantially only graphite P2.

The median diameter on a volume basis of graphite P1 and P2(hereinafter, referred to as “D50”) is, for example, 5 μm to 30 μm, andis preferably 10 μm to 25 μm. The D50 values of graphite P1 and P2 maybe different from each other, or may be substantially the same. D50means the particle diameter at which the cumulative frequency reaches50% from the smallest particle diameter in the particle sizedistribution on a volume basis, also known as the median diameter. Theparticle size distribution of graphite particles can be measured byusing a laser diffraction type particle size distribution measuringapparatus (for example, MT3000II, manufactured by MicrotracBEL Corp.)and water as the dispersion media.

Graphite P1 preferably comprises hard particles with a 10% proof stressof, for example, 5 MPa or more. The 10% proof stress means the pressureat which a graphite particle is compressed by 10% by volume ratio. The10% proof stress can be measured for a single particle of graphite,using a micro-compression tester (MCT-211, manufactured by ShimadzuCorporation), or the like. In such a measurement, a particle with aparticle diameter that is equivalent to D50 is used. Graphite P2preferably comprises, for example, particles that are softer thangraphite P1, and has a 10% proof stress of 3 MPa or less. In thenegative electrode mixture layer 32, the average value of the 10% proofstress of the graphite in the region R1 is preferably greater than theaverage value of the 10% proof stress of the graphite in the region R2.

Graphite P1 and P2 are fabricated by, for example, crushing coke(precursor), which is the main raw material, into a predetermined size,adding a binder to the crushed material to aggregate it, then calciningit at a high temperature of 2500° C. or more to graphitize it, and thensieving it. As the binder, it is preferable to use pitch. A part of thepitch is volatilized during the calcination step, and a part of the restremains to be graphitized. The BET specific surface area of graphite canbe adjusted according to, for example, the particle diameter of theprecursor after crushing, the particle diameter of the precursor in itsaggregated state, the amount of pitch to be added, the calcinationtemperature, and the like.

Multiwalled fibrous carbon C2 included in the negative electrode mixturelayer 32 is a carbon nanostructure in which a plurality of layers ofgraphite carbon hexagonal network planes are laminated concentrically toconstitute a single cylindrical shape, which is so-called a multiwalledcarbon nanotube (hereinafter, may be referred to as a MWCNT). The BETspecific surface area of multiwalled fibrous carbon C2 is preferably 10m²/g to 450 m²/g or less, and is more preferably 100 m²/g to 350 m²/g orless. When the BET specific surface area of multiwalled fibrous carbonC2 satisfies the range described above, the reactivity with thenonaqueous electrolyte is suppressed, which may contribute to thesuppression of decrease in the charging and discharging cyclecharacteristics.

Single wall fibrous carbon C1 included in the negative electrode mixturelayer 32 is a carbon nanostructure in which a single layer of graphitecarbon hexagonal network plane constitutes a single cylindrical shape,which is so-called a single wall carbon nanotube (hereinafter, may bereferred to as a SWCNT). The BET specific surface area of single wallfibrous carbon C1 is preferably, for example, 500 m²/g or more, and ismore preferably 800 m²/g or more. When the BET specific surface area ofsingle wall fibrous carbon C1 satisfies the range described above, theconductivity of the negative electrode mixture layer 32 is improved,which may contribute to the improvement of the output characteristics ofthe battery.

The negative electrode mixture 32 may include fibrous carbon other thanmultiwalled fibrous carbon C2 and single wall fibrous carbon C1, andexamples thereof include, for example, carbon nanofibers (CNFs), vaporgrown carbon fibers (VGCFs), electrospun carbon fibers,polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based carbon fibers, pitch based carbon fibers,and the like.

The content of single wall fibrous carbon C1 included in the region R1is preferably 60% by mass or more, more preferably 90% by mass or more,and further preferably 100% by mass, relative to the total amount offibrous carbon included in the region R1, from the viewpoint of, forexample, improvement of the output characteristics of the battery.

The content of multiwalled fibrous carbon C2 included in the region R2is preferably 60% by mass or more, more preferably 90% by mass or more,and particularly preferably 100% by mass, relative to the total amountof fibrous carbon included in the region R2, from the viewpoint of, forexample, improvement of the output characteristics of the battery.

As described above, the negative electrode mixture layer 32 may includean Si based active material. The Si based active material may be Si, butit is preferably an Si containing compound containing a silicon oxidephase, and Si particles dispersed in the silicon oxide phase(hereinafter, referred to as “SiO”), or an Si containing compoundcontaining a lithium silicate phase, and Si particles dispersed in thelithium silicate phase (hereinafter, referred to as “LSX”). SiO and LSXmay be used in combination. The content of the Si based active materialis preferably 1 to 20% by mass, more preferably 2 to 15% by mass, andparticularly preferably 3 to 10% by mass relative to the mass of thenegative electrode active material.

The Si based active material is, for example, uniformly includedthroughout the negative electrode mixture layer 32. Alternatively, theSi based active material may be included only in the region R1, or maybe included only in the region R2. It may also be included in bothregions R1 and R2, and may be included in greater quantity in the regionR1 or may be included in greater quantity in the region R2, in terms ofmass.

SiO and LSX comprise, for example, particles having a D50 that issmaller than the D50 of the graphite particles. The D50 of SiO and LSXis preferably 1 μm to 15 μm, and is more preferably 4 μm to 10 μm. Onthe surface of the SiO and LSX particles, a conductive layer constitutedwith a material having a high conductivity may be formed. Suitableexamples of the conductive layer include carbon coatings. The thicknessof the conductive layer is preferably 1 nm to 200 nm, and is morepreferably 5 nm to 100 nm, in consideration of ensuring the conductivityand the diffusibility of lithium ions into the particles.

SiO comprises, for example, particles in which fine Si particles aredispersed in the silicon oxide phase. Suitable SiO has a sea islandstructure in which fine Si particles are approximately uniformlydispersed in a matrix of amorphous silicon oxide, and is represented bythe general formula SiO_(x) (0.5≤x≤1.6). The content ratio of Siparticles is preferably 35 to 75% by mass relative to the total mass ofSiO from the viewpoint of achieving, for example, both battery capacityand cycle characteristics, or the like. For example, when the contentratio of Si particles is too low, the charging and discharging capacityis reduced, and when the content ratio of Si particles is too high, apart of the exposed Si particles, which are not covered by siliconoxide, come into contact with the electrolyte, and the cyclecharacteristics may be reduced.

The average particle diameter of the Si particles dispersed in thesilicon oxide phase is generally 500 nm or less before charging anddischarging, is preferably 200 nm or less, and is more preferably 50 nmor less. After charging and discharging, it is preferably 400 nm or lessand is more preferably 100 nm or less. By making the Si particles finer,the volume change during charging and discharging becomes smaller andthe cycle characteristics may be improved. The average particle diameterof the Si particles is measured by observing the section of SiO using ascanning electron microscope (SEM) or a transmission electron microscope(TEM), specifically as the average value of the longest diameters of 100Si particles. The silicon oxide phase is constituted with, for example,a group of particles that are finer than the Si particles.

LSX comprises, for example, particles in which fine Si particles aredispersed in the lithium silicate phase. Suitable LSX has a sea islandstructure in which fine Si particles are approximately uniformlydispersed in a matrix of lithium silicate represented by the generalformula Li_(2z)SiO_((2+z)) (0<z<2). The content ratio of Si particles ispreferably 35 to 75% by mass relative to the total mass of LSX, as inthe case of SiO. Also, the average particle diameter of the Si particlesis generally 500 nm or less before charging and discharging, ispreferably 200 nm or less, and is more preferably 50 nm or less. Thelithium silicate phase is constituted with, for example, a group ofparticles that are finer than the Si particles.

The lithium silicate phase is preferably constituted with a compoundrepresented by Li_(2z)SiO_((2+z)) (0<z<2). That is, the lithium silicatephase does not include Li₄SiO₄ (Z=2). Li₄SiO₄ is an unstable compoundand reacts with water to exhibit alkalinity, which may alter Si andreduce the charging and discharging capacity. The lithium silicate phaseis suitably made up mainly of Li₂SiO₃ (Z=1) or Li₂Si₂O₅ (Z=1/2) from theviewpoint of stability, ease of fabrication, lithium ion conductivity,and the like. When Li₂SiO₃ or Li₂Si₂O₅ is the main component, thecontent of such a main component is preferably in excess of 50% by massof the total mass of the lithium silicate phase, and is more preferably80% by mass or more.

SiO can be fabricated by the following steps 1 to 3.

(1) Si and silicon oxide are mixed at a weight ratio of, for example,20:80 to 95:5 to fabricate an admixture.(2) Before the fabrication of or after the fabrication of the admixturedescribed above, Si and silicon oxide are crushed into fine particlesusing a ball mill or the like.(3) The crushed admixture is subjected to a heat treatment at, forexample, 600 to 1000° C. in an inert atmosphere.

Note that LSX can be fabricated by using lithium silicate instead ofsilicon oxide in the steps described above.

The negative electrode 30 is fabricated by using, for example, a firstnegative electrode mixture slurry including graphite P1, single wallfibrous carbon C1, and a binder, and a second negative electrode mixtureslurry including graphite P2, multiwalled fibrous carbon C2, and abinder. At first, the second negative electrode mixture slurry isapplied to the surface of the negative electrode core body 31 and thecoating film is dried. Then, the first negative electrode mixture slurryis applied onto the coating film formed by the second negative electrodemixture slurry, and the coating film is dried and compressed, therebyobtaining a negative electrode 30 in which the negative electrodemixture layer 32 having the layer structure described above is formed onboth sides of the negative electrode core body 31. In the above method,the negative electrode mixture slurry for the surface side is appliedafter the negative electrode mixture slurry for the core body side isapplied and then dried, but another method may be employed in which thenegative electrode mixture slurry for the surface side is applied afterthe negative electrode mixture slurry for the core body side is appliedand before it has been dried. When the latter method is used, a mixturelayer in which the negative electrode mixture slurry for the core bodyside and the negative electrode mixture slurry for the surface side aremixed together is likely to be formed.

[Separator]

As the separator 40, a porous sheet having ion permeability andinsulation properties is used. Specific examples of the porous sheetinclude microporous thin films, woven fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, and thelike. As the material of the separator 40, polyolefins such aspolyethylene and polypropylene, cellulose, and the like are suitable.The separator 40 may be either a single layer structure or a laminatedstructure. On the surface of the separator 40, a heat resistant layer orthe like may be formed.

EXAMPLES

Hereinafter, the present disclosure will be further described withreference to Examples, but the present disclosure is not limited tothese Examples.

Example 1

[Fabrication of Positive Electrode]

As the positive electrode active material, a lithium transition metalcomposite oxide represented by the general formulaLiNi_(0.82)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.03)O₂ was used. By mixing the positiveelectrode active material, acetylene black, and polyvinylidene fluorideat a solid mass ratio of 97:2:1 and by using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone(NMP) as the dispersion medium, a positive electrode mixture slurry wasprepared. Next, this positive electrode mixture slurry was applied toboth sides of the positive electrode core body composed of aluminumfoil, the coating film was dried and compressed, and then cut into apredetermined electrode size, thereby obtaining a positive electrode inwhich the positive electrode mixture layer is formed on both sides ofthe positive electrode core body.

[Preparation of First Negative Electrode Mixture Slurry]

By mixing single wall fibrous carbon (SWCNT) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na) at a solid mass ratio of 1:1 and by using water asthe dispersion medium, a conductive paste was prepared. By mixinggraphite A (negative electrode active material) with a BET specificsurface area of 1.5 m²/g, the conductive paste, a dispersion of astyrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC-Na) at a solid mass ratio of 100:1:1:1 and by using water as thedispersion medium, a first negative electrode mixture slurry wasprepared. The solid mass ratio of graphite A, the single wall fibrouscarbon, the styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na) was 100:0.5:1:1.5.

[Preparation of Second Negative Electrode Mixture Slurry]

By mixing multiwalled fibrous carbon (MWCNT) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na) at a solid mass ratio of 1:1 and by using water asthe dispersion medium, a conductive paste was prepared. By mixinggraphite B (negative electrode active material) with a BET specificsurface area of 2.5 m²/g, the conductive paste, a dispersion of SBR, andCMC-Na at a solid mass ratio of 100:1:1:1 and by using water as thedispersion medium, a second negative electrode mixture slurry wasprepared. The solids mass ratio of graphite B, the multiwalled fibrouscarbon, the styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na) was 100:0.5:1:1.5.

[Fabrication of Negative Electrode]

The second negative electrode mixture slurry was applied to both sidesof the negative electrode core body composed of copper foil, the coatingfilm was dried, the first negative electrode mixture slurry was thenapplied onto that coating film, and the coating film was dried andcompressed, thereby forming a negative electrode mixture layer on bothsides of the negative electrode core body. The negative electrode corebody having a negative electrode mixture layer formed thereon was cutinto a predetermined electrode size, thereby obtaining a negativeelectrode. The amounts of the first and second negative electrodemixture slurries applied were the same, and the negative electrodemixture layer with a thickness of 160 μm (excluding the core body) wasformed. In the negative electrode mixture layer, the content of theSWCNT in the region R1 was 100% by mass relative to the entire amount offibrous carbon in the region R1 and the content of the MWCNT in theregion R2 was 100% by mass relative to the entire amount of fibrouscarbon in the region R2.

[Preparation of Nonaqueous Electrolytic Solution]

Ethylene carbonate (EC), methyl ethyl carbonate (EMC), and dimethylcarbonate (DMC) were mixed in a volume ratio of 3:3:4. In that mixedsolvent, LiPF₆ was dissolved to a concentration of 1.0 mol/L, therebypreparing a nonaqueous electrolyte.

[Fabrication of Nonaqueous Electrolyte Secondary Battery]

The above positive electrode and the above negative electrode were woundin a spiral shape via a separator made of polyethylene and formed into aflat shape, thereby fabricating a winding type electrode body. Inaddition, a positive electrode lead made of aluminum and a negativeelectrode lead made of nickel were welded to an exposed portion of thepositive electrode core body and to an exposed portion of the negativeelectrode core body, respectively. By accommodating this electrode bodyin an exterior body constituted with an aluminum laminate, injecting theabove nonaqueous electrolytic solution, and then sealing the opening ofthe exterior body, a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery wasfabricated.

Example 2

A negative electrode and a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery werefabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that graphite Cwith a BET specific surface area of 1.8 m²/g was used instead ofgraphite A in the preparation of the first negative electrode mixtureslurry and graphite D with a BET specific surface area of 4.0 m²/g wasused instead of graphite B in the preparation of the second negativeelectrode mixture slurry.

Comparative Example 1

A negative electrode and a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery werefabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the singlewall fibrous carbon (SWCNT) was used instead of the multiwalled fibrouscarbon (MWCNT) in the preparation of the second negative electrodemixture slurry. In the negative electrode mixture layer of ComparativeExample 1, the content of the SWCNT in the region R1 was 100% by massrelative to the entire amount of fibrous carbon in the region R1. Also,the content of the SWCNT in the region R2 was 100% by mass relative tothe entire amount of fibrous carbon in the region R2.

Comparative Example 2

A negative electrode and a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery werefabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that themultiwalled fibrous carbon (MWCNT) was used instead of the single wallfibrous carbon (SWCNT) in the preparation of the first negativeelectrode mixture slurry. In the negative electrode mixture layer ofComparative Example 2, the content of the MWCNT in the region R1 was100% by mass relative to the entire amount of fibrous carbon in theregion R1. Also, the content of the MWCNT in the region R2 was 100% bymass relative to the entire amount of fibrous carbon in the region R2.

Comparative Example 3

A negative electrode and a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery werefabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that graphite B wasused instead of graphite A and also the multiwalled fibrous carbon(MWCNT) was used instead of the single wall fibrous carbon (SWCNT) inthe preparation of the first negative electrode mixture slurry, and thatthe single wall fibrous carbon (SWCNT) was used instead of themultiwalled fibrous carbon (MWCNT) in the preparation of the secondnegative electrode mixture slurry. The content of the MWCNT in theregion R1 was 100% by mass relative to the entire amount of fibrouscarbon in the region R1. Also, the content of the SWCNT in the region R2was 100% by mass relative to the entire amount of fibrous carbon in theregion R2.

Comparative Example 4

A negative electrode and a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery werefabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that graphite A wasused instead of graphite B in the preparation of the second negativeelectrode mixture slurry.

Comparative Example 5

A negative electrode and a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery werefabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that graphite B wasused instead of graphite A in the preparation of the first negativeelectrode mixture slurry.

Comparative Example 6

A negative electrode and a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery werefabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that graphite B wasused instead of graphite A in the preparation of the first negativeelectrode composite material slurry and that graphite A was used insteadof graphite B in the preparation of the second negative electrodecomposite material slurry.

[Initial Output]

Each of the batteries of Examples and Comparative Examples was chargeduntil the state of charge (SOC) of the battery reached 50%. Next,discharging was carried out at each of the current values of 375 mA, 750mA, 1500 mA, 2250 mA, and 3000 mA for 10 seconds, and the batteryvoltage was measured. The current value at 2.5 V was calculated from thecurrent-voltage line, and the value of the current (A) at that time×2.5V was defined as the initial output (W). The results are summarized inTable 1.

[Output after Charging and Discharging Cycles]

For each of the batteries of Examples and Comparative Examples, constantcurrent charging was carried out under a temperature environment of 25°C. until the battery voltage reached 4.2 V at a constant current of 0.5It, followed by charging at a constant voltage of 4.2 V until thecurrent value reached 1/50 It. Thereafter, constant current dischargingwas carried out until the battery voltage reached 2.5 V at a constantcurrent of 0.5 It. This charging and discharging cycle was repeated 500times. Then, for each battery that have undergone 500 cycles, the outputvalue was determined in the same manner as mentioned above, and thisvalue was defined as the output (W) after the charging and dischargingcycles. The results are summarized in Table 1.

TABLE 1 EVALUATION OF BATTERY NEGATIVE ELECTRODE NEGATIVE ELECTRODEPERFORMANCE MIXTURE LAYER REGION R2 MIXTURE LAYER REGION R1 OUTPUT MWCNTSWCNT MWCNT SWCNT AFTER GRA- [PERCENT- [PERCENT- GRA- [PERCENT-[PERCENT- CHARGING PHITE AGE IN AGE IN PHITE AGE IN AGE IN INITIAL ANDBET FIBROUS FIBROUS BET FIBROUS FIBROUS OUTPUT DISCHARGING [m²/g]CARBON] CARBON] SiO [m²/g] CARBON] CARBON] SiO [W] CYCLES [W] EXAMPLE 12.5 100 wt % — — 1.5 — 100 wt % — 22.2 18.5 EXAMPLE 2 4.0 100 wt % — —1.8 — 100 wt % — 22.0 18.4 COMPARA- 2.5 — 100 wt % — 1.5 — 100 wt % —21.5 18.1 TIVE EXAMPLE 1 COMPARA- 2.5 100 wt % — — 1.5 100 wt % — — 21.618.0 TIVE EXAMPLE 2 COMPARA- 2.5 — 100 wt % — 2.5 100 wt % — — 21.0 17.9TIVE EXAMPLE 3 COMPARA- 1.5 100 wt % — — 1.5 — 100 wt % 21.2 17.8 FIVEEXAMPLE 4 COMPARA- 2.5 1.00 wt % — — 2.5 — 100 wt % 21.2 17.5 TIVEEXAMPLE 5 COMPARA- 1.5 100 wt % — — 2.5 — 100 wt % 21.1 17.5 TIVEEXAMPLE 6

As shown in Table 1, both the batteries of Examples 1 and 2 exhibithigher values for both initial output and output after the charging anddischarging cycles as compared to the batteries of Comparative Examples1 to 6, and the improvement of the output characteristics is achieved.

Example 3

A negative electrode and a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery werefabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that an admixtureof graphite A and an Si containing compound (SiO) represented by SiO_(x)(X=0.94) at a solid mass ratio of 90:10 was used as the negativeelectrode active material in the preparation of the first negativeelectrode mixture slurry and that an admixture of graphite B and SiO ata solid mass ratio of 90:10 was used as the negative electrode activematerial in the preparation of the second negative electrode mixtureslurry. Note that the amount and thickness of the mixture to be appliedwere regulated such that the capacity became similar to that of thenonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of Example 1.

Comparative Example 7

A negative electrode and a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery werefabricated in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that anadmixture of graphite A and an Si containing compound (SiO) representedby SiO_(x) (X=0.94) at a solid mass ratio of 90:10 was used as thenegative electrode active material in the preparation of the firstnegative electrode mixture slurry and that an admixture of graphite Band SiO at a solid mass ratio of 90:10 was used as the negativeelectrode active material in the preparation of the second negativeelectrode mixture slurry. Note that the amount and thickness of themixture to be applied were regulated such that the capacity becamesimilar to that of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery ofComparative Example 1.

For the batteries of Example 3 and Comparative Example 7, the initialoutput (W) and the output (W) after the charging cycles were determinedin the same manner as mentioned above, and the results are summarized inTable 2.

TABLE 2 EVALUATION NEGATIVE ELECTRODE NEGATIVE ELECTRODE OF BATTERYMIXTURE LAYER REGION R2 MIXTURE LAYER REGION R1 PERFORMANCE MWCNT SWCNTMWCNT SWCNT OUTPUT GRA- [PERCENT- [PERCENT- GRA- [PERCENT- [PERCENT-AFTER PHITE AGE IN AGE IN PHITE AGE IN AGE IN INITIAL CHARGING AND BETFIBROUS FIBROUS BET FIBROUS FIBROUS OUTPUT DISCHARGING [m²/g] CARBON]CARBON] SiO [m²/g] CARBON] CARBON] SiO [W] CYCLES [W] EXAMPLE 2.5 100 wt% — PRESENT 1.5 — 100 wt % PRESENT 23.1 19.0 3 COMPARA- 2.5 — 100 wt %PRESENT 1.5 — 100 wt % PRESENT 22.5 18.2 TIVE EXAMPLE 7

As shown in Table 2, the battery of Example 3 exhibits higher values forboth initial output and output after the charging and discharging cyclesas compared to the battery of Comparative Example 7, and the improvementof the output characteristics is achieved.

REFERENCE SIGNS LIST

-   10 Nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery-   11 Electrode body-   12 Positive electrode terminal-   13 Negative electrode terminal-   14 Exterior can-   15 Sealing plate-   16 Gas discharge valve-   17 Liquid injection portion-   20 Positive electrode-   21 Positive electrode core body-   23 Core body laminated portion-   25 Positive electrode current collector-   30 Negative electrode-   31 Negative electrode core body-   32 Negative electrode mixture layer-   33 Core body laminated portion-   35 Negative electrode current collector-   40 Separator

1. A negative electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery,comprising: a negative electrode core body; and a negative electrodemixture layer provided on a surface of the negative electrode core body,wherein the negative electrode mixture layer includes graphite andfibrous carbon including single wall fibrous carbon and multiwalledfibrous carbon, and wherein, when a range of 40% of a thickness of themixture layer from a surface of the negative electrode mixture layer ona side opposite to the negative electrode core body is defined as afirst region and a range of 40% of a thickness of the mixture layer froman interface between the negative electrode mixture layer and thenegative electrode core body is defined as a second region, a BETspecific surface area of the graphite included in the first region issmaller than a BET specific surface area of the graphite included in thesecond region, and the first region includes the single wall fibrouscarbon in greater quantity than the multiwalled fibrous carbon in termsof mass and the second region includes the multiwalled fibrous carbon ingreater quantity than the single wall fibrous carbon in terms of mass.2. The negative electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteryaccording to claim 1, wherein 60% by mass or more of the fibrous carbonincluded in the first region is the single wall fibrous carbon and 60%by mass or more of the fibrous carbon included in the second region isthe multiwalled fibrous carbon.
 3. The negative electrode for anonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, whereinthe BET specific surface area of the graphite included in the firstregion is 0.5 m²/g or more and less than 2 m²/g, and the BET specificsurface area of the graphite included in the second region is 2 m²/g ormore and 5 m²/g or less.
 4. The negative electrode for a nonaqueouselectrolyte secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the negativeelectrode mixture layer includes an Si based active material containingSi.
 5. A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, comprising: thenegative electrode according to claim 1; a positive electrode; and anonaqueous electrolyte.